Writing 5

Networking

In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies and procedures related to the network.

So you want to set up a computer network. Right here we have two of computers. What I need is something like this, A router has a bunch of ports in the back that I can connect to multiple computers. And it also works wireless. Now what the router is doing right now is giving both of the computers something called ip addresses which is their numbers on the network.

Network covers whole world. The all people used to network.

Collection of network devices connected the internet with optical fiber or wireless links. These devices are router, switch, hub and bridge. The router connects two or more network and forwards data packet between computer network

Hub is common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of LAN.

Switch is a smarter version of a hub and forwards each incoming data frame to the correct port.

Router connects two or more networks and forwards data based on logical address between computer.

Bridge is a connectivity device that forwards data based on a physical address.

Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire lobe.

 Some of the different networks based on size area:

PAN- Personal Area Network

LAN- local area network

MAN- metropolitan area network

WAN- wide area network

In terms of purpose many networks can be considered general purpose which means they are used for everything from sending files to a printer to accessing the internet.

            Topology is design of network virtual shape or structure.

There are basic types of topology.

-bus

-ring

-star

-tree

-mesh

We can understand topology is sketch of network and design theory of networks. But it is more suitable for bigger than small or home network.

Standard topologies gives you a better understanding of important concepts like hubs, broadcasts and routes.

Network troubleshooting

Many problems are easy to fix without help.

-reconnect any loose CAT-5 cable connections

-Check the router

- Investigate IP address issues

- Turn all equipment off for a full minute and then restart.

Writing 7

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulat data or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012, Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level "contain[s] some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of electronically mediated communications.

1. Open philosophies

Open development breaks the data center down into its lowest-level components, which fit together by open standards. Still, with less than 2% of enterprise applications designed for horizontal scaling, enterprise IT should avoid lifting legacy apps onto open infrastructure.
Instead, put new workloads on building-block infrastructure, and renegotiate your hardware contracts to get ready for more open-standard hardware and software.

2. Automation

This trend is nothing new, but the next five years will be transformative for IT automation, from opportunistic to systemic implementation.
The problem, however, is IT administrators love scripts. They love creating the best scripts, fiddling with scripts that come from colleagues, and leaving little documentation when they move on to another job. IT automation must evolve from scripting to deterministic (defined workloads for tasks) then to heuristic design (automation based on data fed in operations). There are banks today that use heuristic automation because they have all the hardware that you could want, Govekar said. But they lack the ability to automatically place workloads that best at any given moment.

3. Software-defined everything

Software-define means the control plane is abstracted from the hardware, and it's going on with every piece of equipment a data center can buy. Software-defined servers are established, software-defined networking is maturing and software-defined storage won't have much impact until at least 2017, Govekar said.
Don't approach software-defined-everything as a cost saving venture, because the real point is agility. Avoid vendor lock-in in this turbulent vendor space, and look for interoperable application programming interfaces that enable data-center-wide abstraction. Also, keep in mind that the legacy data center won't die without a fight.

4. Big data

Big data analysis is used in a number of ways to solve problems today. For example, police departments reduce crime without blanketing the city with patrol cars, by pinpointing likely crime hot spots at a given point in time based on real-time and historical data.
Build new data architectures to handle unstructured data and real-time input, which are disruptive changes today. The biggest inhibitor to enterprise IT adoption of big data analytics, however, isn't the data architecture; it's a lack of big data skills.

5. Internet of Everything 

Is IT in charge of the coffee pot? If it has an IP address and connects to the network, it might be.
Internet-connected device proliferation combined with big data analytics means that businesses can automate and refine their operations. It also means security takes on a whole new range of end points. In data center capacity management,Internet of Everything  means demand shaping and customer priority tiering, rather than simply buying more hardware.
Build a  data center that can change, don't build to last, Govekar said.

6. Webscale IT 

For better or worse, business leaders want to know why you can't do what Google, Facebook and Amazon do.
Conventional hardware and software are not built for web scale IT , which means this trend relies on software-defined everything and open philosophies like the Open Compute Project. It also relies on a major attitude adjustment  in IT where experimentation and failure are allowed.

7. Mobility

Your workforce is mobile. Your company's customers are mobile. Bring your own device has morphed into bring your own toys. The IT service desk can't fall behind this trend and risk giving IT a reputation of being out of touch.
Bring data segregation-- personal and business data and applications isolated from each other on the same device -- onto your technology road map  now.

8. Bimodal IT

No one's congratulating IT on keeping the lights on and the servers humming, no matter how difficult it can be.  Bimodal IT means maintaining traditional IT practices while simultaneously introducing innovative new processes -- safely.
Take the pace layering concept from application development and apply it to IT's roadmap, and find ways to get close to customers. Bimodal IT will make your team more diverse.

9. Business value dashboards

By 2017, the majority of infrastructure and operations teams will use dashboards to communicate with the outside world. Govekar made the analogy of the business-value dashboard vs. IT metrics to cruise ship reviews vs. cruise ship boiler calibration reports. They serve different purposes.
Evaluate business-value dashboards and complement them with IT staffers that speak the same language as your business stakeholders.

10. Organizational disruption

All the trends above feed shadow IT, where the business units steer around IT to gain agility.
Some IT teams are trying a new approach; rather than quash all shadow IT operations they find, these companies allow business users to set up shadow IT for projects and track the performance like a proof-of-concept trial. If the deployment succeeds, IT formally folds shadow IT into the organization.

Writing 6

I’m going to explain the basics off an operating system. This is an interface between a computer user and hardware.It is very important as it works as a middleman making sure both hardware and software correctly.Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs called application programs, can run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2 and Windows, but others are availbale, such as Linux.

     First, The basic unit of software that the operating system deals with in scheduling the work done      by the processor is either a process or a thread , depending on the operating system.It is processes        rather than applications, that the operating system controls and schedules for execution by the              CPU. In a single –tasking system, the schedule is straight forward.The operating system allows the      application to begin running, suspending the execudion only long enough to deal with internepts          and user input process management is an integral part of any modern day operating system the OS      must allocate resources the processes, enable processes to share and exchange information product      the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among process. To      meet these requirement is the as must  mountain a data structure for each process, which describes      the state and resource ownership of that process, and which enables the OS to exert  control over        each process.
     Next, Popular operating systems

     The three most popular types of operating systems for personal and businesses computing include      Linux, windows and Mac

·                             Linux operating systems

     Linux is a freely distributed open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware              platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds and it is based on Unix.

·                              Mac Operating Systems

    Mac OS is official name of the Apple Macintosh operating system. Mac OS features a graphical         user interface (GUI) that utilizies windows, icons and all applications that run on a Macintosh             computer have a similar user interface.

·         Windows operating system

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems for personal and business computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, offering a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking and support many peripheral devices

Then, There are four  essential managers of every OS and they all work together like team to get jobs completed. An operating system is simple term it’s chief program that manages all of the hardware and software . It is works as their bass and makes sure they are all working in harmony.

writing 4

                                                 The effects of technology
           People used to communicate by meeting each other while it has nowadays totally changed since technological advancement. Some assert that utilising technology in daily communication brings more harms than good things. I personally agree with this view and this essay will look into the reason with some considerations.

The first effect of technology usage is that it reduces the sense of togetherness among people. Since they do interaction via telecommunication such as mobile phone or the internet, it reduces the personal relationship. People cannot catch moments during interaction because they communicate in unreal situations. Taken social media as an example, most teenagers talk to their friend via utilising Facebook, Viber, WhatsApp or others. They tend to interact with each other via sending messages thus they can feel the situation or even communication sense just by reading the messages. By contrast, the direct communication tends to develop a sense of belonging among people. They will be more comfortable to express their feelings thus it is easy to get along together.

In addition, it will deteriorate the human behaviour. By using electronic devices in the daily life of communication, it is hard for them to involve in a social environment. It will decrease their self-confidence to speak in public because they usually interact through devices not face to face communication. Moreover, utilising technology in interaction is not free thus you should they should prepare much budget just for communication.

It is true that technology usages enable people to keep in touch with people who are in different place. However, it is not capable of providing a sense of feeling as well as a direct communication.

To sum up, by communicating directly, it will help people keeping close each other and able to talk towards them easily and expressively.

Writing 3

          Generally, the mobile phone will certainly bring about a lot of advantages. First of all, the mobile phone is considered the quickest means of communication in our daily life, we can contact easily with our friends and our relative wherever by calling or sending messages. Second, the mobile phone is also a means of entertainment for people. We can listen to music and play games on mobile phone.
           Moreover, by using the latest apps for smartphones , we can access to the internet to watch Film and check our profile in social networks and update our status wherever we are. Final, If we have a smartphone in hand, our studying becomes more effective such as look up dictionary, find out many source of reference on internet which is useful for studying.
           On the other hand, the mobile phone is also many disadvantage. First, telephone user become to addicted their mobile phone if they are too depends on it, moreover, the ability of human communication is limited if the mobile phone is more present in some event such as class meetings, on the bus, in the park…some people only focus on their phone without communicating. The use of mobile phones too much will make people take a lot of time , it not only influence on study results, makes students distraction but also it is cause of disease about eyes. Final, we shouldn't use mobile phone while we are driving because it can lead traffic accidents.
           In conclusion, mobile phone is necessary for our modern lives today. However it is helpful or not , which depends on our ways of using it. It will be better if we use it true purpose and in an appropriate time.

Writing 2

     Some people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful, but I totally disagree. In my opinion, computers have really made our lives easier and more convenient in
communicating, getting informed and doing research work, if you have known how to work with a
computer.
      In older days, Typewriters were used effectively to print the contents on the paper. But, if more copies of the same data were needed, one has to type as many pages as needed. But In computers, typing once is required. The data could be transferred to a device and any number of copies could be printed. This reduces manual effort that was put using typewriters.
     In any government company, the documents were maintained in papers filed and recorded manually. This makes complex searches or the access to a particular document. In the case of fire or any disasters, the information will be lost or destroyed. Nowadays this process is being computerised and it is more secure than having it in papers. This makes searching also faster and multiple backups can be taken to secure the data more.
     Nowadays I feel 75% of the banking is computerised and most of the transactions are online which could be done from home itself. This is safer than a manual transaction. This also reduces the work of going to a bank. Getting the corresponding forms, filling them, and crediting or debiting the money.
   Some people do not have proper knowledge on how to access the data through computers or they may be workaholic and not concentrating on any other things in life than computers and hence they may feel computers have made their life more complex and stressful.

Writing 1

The bar graph shows the combined time spent in billions of minutes, on three different kinds of phone call in the United Kingdom, from 1995-2002.
       In 1995, the local form proportion started at 70 billion minutes and then steadily rose to approximately 90 billion four years later. However, the local’s number of minutes rapidly slipped to somewhere in the vicinity of 70 and 80 billion. In a stark contrast, the national and international - fixed lines and mobiles (all calls) features showed upward trends. The use of local- fixed line reached a peak in 1999, at 90 billion minutes billion minutes before falling by around 18 billion minutes in the next three years.
     The mobile calls, however grew steadily in the first five years and after that witnessed a quick rise to more than 40 billion compared to its beginning. Its interesting to note that through eight years of the period from 1995 to 2002, the local calls fixed line numbers of minutes remained the highest among three call forms that were used in the United Kingdom.
  In summary, mobile phone calls gained a significant popularity among the UK callers and as of 2002, the local calls-fixed line calling is still the most used calling among UK people.